Although a significant inter-subject variability likely exists, the coupling might in general be smaller in the inspiration phase, which might thus be particularly suited for liver DWI ( Fig 1). This study is based on the hypothesis that the propagation of the pulsation artifact from the pulsating heart to the liver might depend on the breathing cycle because the relative position of heart and liver change while breathing. Different approaches were investigated to reduce the pulsation artifact that partially build on advanced diffusion sequences like flow-compensated sequences, which are not widely available and, more importantly, have drawbacks like a reduced b-value efficiency or a worsened black-blood contrast.Ī simple and easily applicable method to reduce the pulsation artifact in the left liver lobe would be of high value. However, the imaging of the entire liver is crucial for choosing the right treatment, e.g. Concerning the pulsation artifact, the left liver lobe was excluded from the analysis in several studies. To overcome the breathing motion problem, many studies aimed to find the best compensation technique, such as respiratory triggering (RT) or breath-hold (BH) imaging. Breathing motion leads to the so-called stair-step artifacts, blurred images and a reduced sharpness, whereas the pulsation artifact originating from cardiac motion leads to a decreased or vanishing signal particularly in the left liver lobe. They mostly arise from two sources, breathing and cardiac motion. In particular, motion artifacts represent a problem. Nonetheless, it is generally more prone to image artifacts. Compared to conventional MRI sequences such as, for example, T2-weighted sequences, DWI is of additional and high value, e.g. for the characterization of liver fibrosis and liver tumors, or the detection of liver metastases. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The minimal dataset is available from GitHub ( ).įunding: Frederik Bernd Laun and Marc Saake were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Grant numbers (Laun): LA 2804/12-1, LA 2804/13-1 Grant number (Saake): SA 4142/1-1 The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publich or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ĭiffusion weighted imaging (DWI) has been used widely for the detection of different pathologies of the liver, e.g. Received: JAccepted: SeptemPublished: October 1, 2020Ĭopyright: © 2020 Riexinger et al. Baltzer, Medical University of Vienna, AUSTRIA (2020) On the dependence of the cardiac motion artifact on the breathing cycle in liver diffusion-weighted imaging. Citation: Riexinger A, Laun FB, Bickelhaupt S, Seuß H, Uder M, Hensel B, et al.
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